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The demographic transition is the change in the human condition from high mortality and high fertility to low mortality and low fertility. Death is now less capricious and most people live long lives. Women no longer average six or seven births but in most economically advanced countries less than two — insufficient to replenish national populations. Most of this dramatic social change has occurred over the last 150 years. But the question remains as to whether this is a completely new phenomenon or whether there has long been an inherent tendency in the human race to maximize survival and to control family size. This study addresses these issues. Part I addresses the situation among hunters and gatherers, traditional farmers and classical civilizations. Part II examines the modern transition, while an introductory chapter synthesizes the findings. An emphasis is placed upon the transmuting of the industrial revolution and rising incomes into longer lives and smaller families. Finally, explanations are sought for below-replacement fertility in Europe and elsewhere. The book has a strong theoretical focus and is unique in addressing both mortality and fertility over the full span of human history. It brings demographers to anthropology, anthropologists to demography, and both to social history.

Population research. --- Demography --- History. --- Population --- Research --- Demography. --- Sexual behavior. --- History, general. --- Sexual Behavior. --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Historical demography --- Social sciences --- Vital statistics --- Population research --- History --- Sexual psychology. --- Psychology, Sexual --- Sex --- Sexual behavior, Psychology of --- Sexual psychology --- Sensuality --- Psychological aspects

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Behavior [Sexual ] --- Ethics [Sexual ] --- Ethique sexuelle --- Gender (Sex) --- Morale sexuelle --- Seksuele ethiek --- Sensualism --- Sensualisme --- Sensualiteit --- Sensualité --- Sensuousness --- Sex (Gender) --- Sex--Moral and ethical aspects --- Sex--Moral and religious aspects --- Sexualité--Aspect moral --- Zinnelijkheid --- Sensuality. --- Sex -- Philosophy. --- Sensuality --- Sex --- Sex (Psychology) --- Sexual ethics --- Psychology, Sexual --- Sexual behavior, Psychology of --- Sexual psychology --- Human beings --- Human sexuality --- Sexual behavior --- Sexual practices --- Sexuality --- Sexology --- Pleasure --- Senses and sensation --- Sex ethics --- Sexual behavior, Ethics of --- Ethics --- Psychological aspects --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Philosophical anthropology

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gender --- lgbtqi --- intersectionality --- women studies --- postcolonial feminism --- Gender identity --- Sex role --- Women --- Sex (Psychology) --- Sex role. --- Women. --- Human females --- Wimmin --- Woman --- Womon --- Womyn --- Females --- Human beings --- Femininity --- Gender role --- Sex differences (Psychology) --- Social role --- Gender expression --- Sexism --- Psychology, Sexual --- Sex --- Sexual behavior, Psychology of --- Sexual psychology --- Sensuality --- Sex identity (Gender identity) --- Sexual identity (Gender identity) --- Identity (Psychology) --- Queer theory --- Psychological aspects --- Gender identity. --- Italy. --- Italia --- Italian Republic --- Italianska republika --- Italʹi͡anskai͡a Rėspublika --- Italie --- Italien --- Italii͡ --- Italii͡a Respublikasi --- Italiĭsʹka Respublika --- Itālija --- Itālijas Republika --- Italijos Respublika --- Italikē Dēmokratia --- Īṭāliy --- Italiya Respublikasi --- It'allia --- It'allia Konghwaguk --- İtalya --- İtalya Cumhuriyeti --- Iṭalyah --- Iṭalye --- Itaria --- Itaria Kyōwakoku --- Jumhūrīyah al-Īṭālīyah --- Kgl. Italienische Regierung --- Königliche Italienische Regierung --- Laško --- Lýðveldið Ítalía --- Olasz Köztársaság --- Olaszország --- Regno d'Italia --- Repubblica italiana --- Republiḳah ha-Iṭalḳit --- Włochy --- Yidali --- Yidali Gongheguo --- Italy --- Gender roles --- Gendered role --- Gendered roles --- Role, Gender --- Role, Gendered --- Role, Sex --- Roles, Gender --- Roles, Gendered --- Roles, Sex --- Sex roles --- Social and moral questions --- Gender dysphoria